🐛 Restore STM32 / STM32F1 12-bit ADC (#23871)

Marlin/src/HAL/STM32F1/HAL.cpp

     _TCASE(POWER_MONITOR_CURRENT, POWER_MONITOR_CURRENT_PIN, POWERMON_CURRENT)
     _TCASE(POWER_MONITOR_VOLTAGE, POWER_MONITOR_VOLTAGE_PIN, POWERMON_VOLTS)
   }
-  adc_result = adc_results[(int)pin_index] >> (12 - HAL_ADC_RESOLUTION); // shift out unused bits
+  adc_result = (adc_results[(int)pin_index] & 0xFFF) >> (12 - HAL_ADC_RESOLUTION); // shift out unused bits
 }
 
 #endif // __STM32F1__

ini/stm32-common.ini

                    -std=gnu++14 -DHAL_STM32
                    -DUSBCON -DUSBD_USE_CDC
                    -DTIM_IRQ_PRIO=13
+                   -DADC_RESOLUTION=12
 build_unflags    = -std=gnu++11
 src_filter       = ${common.default_src_filter} +<src/HAL/STM32> +<src/HAL/shared/backtrace>
 extra_scripts    = ${common.extra_scripts}

ini/stm32g0.ini

 board_build.offset          = 0x2000
 board_upload.offset_address = 0x08002000
 build_flags                 = ${stm32_variant.build_flags}
-                            -DADC_RESOLUTION=12
                             -DPIN_SERIAL4_RX=PC_11 -DPIN_SERIAL4_TX=PC_10
                             -DSERIAL_RX_BUFFER_SIZE=1024 -DSERIAL_TX_BUFFER_SIZE=1024
                             -DTIMER_SERVO=TIM3 -DTIMER_TONE=TIM4