Some STM32-based boards may use multiplexed JTAG pins as IO. Up to now the `DISABLE_JTAG` option (defined in pins files) was only supported for AT90-based boards. This commit generalizes the code and adds support for boards based on STM32F1 and STM32F4.

Implement servo support for STM32F1. Original code was incomplete and depended on Servo library from stm32duino which conflicts with `module/servo.h`.

The `binary.h` file required by `lcd/dogm/dogm_bitmaps.h` is not present in stm32duino environment. Binary macros are defined in `bit_constants.h` in stm32duino framework.

Fix "SD init fail" problem for STM32F1 caused by incorrect SS pin state and incorrect SPI mode. Issue #11225

Use a sector of the LPC flash memory to emulate EEPROM storage, removing the need to have an SD card to store system parameters.

- Clean up the API to use a `static` class instance to adhere to Marlin convention
- Add `const` position data access for read/write
- Add Storage capacity to the interface

Co-Authored-By: bleughb <36889022+bleughb@users.noreply.github.com>

The current Marlin implementation relies on a timer interrupt to start the ADC conversion and read it. However in some circumstances the interrupt can be delayed resulting in insufficient time being available for the ADC conversion. This results in a bad reading and false temperature fluctuations. These changes make sure that the conversion is complete (by checking the ADC hardware via the HAL) before reading a value.

See: https://github.com/MarlinFirmware/Marlin/issues/11323

Enable the endstop interrupts feature for LPC176x boards. Although Smoothieboard chose to use non-interrupt capable pins for their endstops, and this has been copied by clones, so they can't use it.

Co-Authored-By: p3p <p3p@p3psoft.co.uk>