Mostly from the L6470-oriented PR

- Added GPIO pins to Archim 2
- Added new 108 pin to `fastio_Due.h`

* Make CardReader a static class
* Make CardReader flags into bitfields

* Group status methods, share reset_status with Extensible UI
* Move common DOGM code to headers

* Apply #pragma once in headers
* Adjust some thermistors formatting
* Misc cleanup and formatting

- Fix an error in the return value of `sd_mmc_spi_read_capacity` which was causing the host OS to read beyond the last sector in the card.
- Clean up the USB flashdrive code and add better debugging.

* Allow override of soft SPI pins in `pins_*.h`
* Add default case to avoid compiler warning.
* Additional pin definitions for Archim 2.
* Einsy Retro has same timings as Einsy Rambo.

- Clean up the API to use a `static` class instance to adhere to Marlin convention
- Add `const` position data access for read/write
- Add Storage capacity to the interface

The current Marlin implementation relies on a timer interrupt to start the ADC conversion and read it. However in some circumstances the interrupt can be delayed resulting in insufficient time being available for the ADC conversion. This results in a bad reading and false temperature fluctuations. These changes make sure that the conversion is complete (by checking the ADC hardware via the HAL) before reading a value.

See: https://github.com/MarlinFirmware/Marlin/issues/11323

Always honor minimum period on stepper pulse generation, and fix timing calculations

Signed-off-by: etagle <ejtagle@hotmail.com>